解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::The atypical antipsychotics are a new class of agents with great promise for use in the elderly because of their reduced propensity to cause acute extrapyramidal adverse effects. Treatment of older patients with these agents, however, needs to take into consideration age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and the ris...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199812020-00004
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A low bone mineral density (BMD) is presently regarded as the most important risk factor for the development of osteoporosis. BMD is a function of peak bone mass attained during growth and subsequent age-related bone loss. BMD can be measured accurately and precisely, although the rate of bone loss is more difficult t...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199812001-00001
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) reduce mortality and recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) in older patients after both Q-wave MI and non-Q-wave MI. The effects of beta-blockers are to: (i) reduce complex ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia; (ii) increase the ventricular fibrillatio...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199711060-00002
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteoporosis is a common disease that affects 1 in 3 women. Family and twin studies have demonstrated that there is a strong genetic component to this condition. Potential candidate genes examined for their regulatory effect on bone mass include those for collagen type I, estrogen and vitamin D receptors, and various ...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199711050-00001
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The focus of this review is hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with continuous oral 17 beta-estradiol (herein referred to as estradiol) 2 mg/day plus sequential oral dydrogesterone 10 or 20 mg/day for 14 days of each 28-day cycle. According to data from nonblind trials, this regimen relieves climacteric symptoms, prese...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199711040-00006
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Advances in our understanding of the structure, function and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the CNS have provided the impetus for new studies examining the role(s) that these receptors and associated processes may play in CNS functions. Further motivation has come from the realisation that such r...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199711030-00005
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In contrast with women, who experience a complete and abrupt cessation of ovarian function during the menopause, aging men largely maintain their testicular androgen production. Nevertheless, most cross-sectional studies indicate that there is a partial decrease in testosterone levels with aging, although this has not...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199711010-00005
更新日期:1997-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiovascular disease has been inseparable from aging in developed societies and, as a result, it is the commonest cause of mortality in elderly populations. Atherosclerosis is associated with the progressive vascular accumulation of cholesterol-laden lipoproteins, and is linearly associated with the plasma level of ...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199710060-00005
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nadroparin (nadroparin calcium) is a low molecular weight heparin with a mean molecular weight of 4.5 kD. Compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH), nadroparin has a greater ratio of anti-factor Xa to anti-factor Ha activity, greater bioavailability and a longer duration of action, allowing it to be administered by s...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199710040-00006
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Electronic storage of and access to medical data is becoming increasingly common. Advances in computer technology and telecommunications have made it possible to store vast amounts of information in databases and transmit this information rapidly to any place on the globe. At the forefront of this technology is the In...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199710030-00001
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lisinopril, the lysine analogue of enalaprilat, is a long-acting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor which is administered once daily by mouth. The efficacy of lisinopril in reducing blood pressure is well established in younger populations, and many trials now show it to be effective in lowering blood press...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199710020-00006
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is inevitable that publicly funded, technically sophisticated medical treatments will be increasingly rationed. Other things being equal, there is a greater duty to use them to prolong the lives of younger than older people. Age is therefore an ethical rationing criterion. Denial of this may actually harm older peo...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00002512-199609060-00003
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spasticity following stroke reflects a spectrum of clinical problems including increased muscle tone, abnormal limb posture, excessive contraction of antagonist muscles and hyperactive cutaneous and tendon reflexes. The prevalence of stroke-related disability in stroke survivors is high, and spasticity may be a signif...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199609050-00004
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and is characterised by cardinal clinical features and specific pathological findings. It is possible to detect PD early on in the course of the disease, and certain laboratory studies may identify preclinical stages. Based on this...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199609030-00002
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant agent which also has analgesic properties. Whether its analgesic effects are linked to its mood-altering activity or attributable to a discrete pharmacological action (or a combination of both) is unknown. Clinical trials demonstrate that oral amitriptyline achieves at least...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199608060-00008
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The finding of fungal growth in the urine (funguria) of elderly patients is becoming increasingly common. It has been reported in both acute and chronic care settings. Risk factors for the development of funguria include the use of broad spectrum antibiotics, corticosteroids and indwelling bladder catheters, as well a...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199608020-00003
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracavernous alprostadil (synthetic prostaglandin E1) is a vasodilating agent which acts by relaxing the smooth muscles of the corpus cavernosum and by increasing the diameter of cavernous arteries; this leads to erection. Following intracavernous administration, alprostadil is either locally metabolised or rapidly ...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199608010-00009
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are frequently used in rheumatoid arthritis. A number of physiological changes occur in the elderly which may modify the use of these medications. The most commonly used DMARDs are antimalarial drugs (particularly hydroxychloroquine), sulfasalazine and methotrexate. The p...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199507060-00003
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although dyspeptic symptoms are very common, the vast majority of patients have modest symptoms and rarely seek medical advice. The major organic causes of dyspepsia are chronic peptic ulcer disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and malignancy. Functional dyspepsia is very common. In the fit elderly patient, prom...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199507050-00003
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is widespread concern about the level of use, particularly the inappropriate use, of drugs among elderly residents of nursing homes. Medication consumption by these individuals is among the highest of any patient population; residents of nursing homes are prescribed an average of 5 to 8 regularly scheduled medic...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199507030-00005
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We conducted a review of drugs that were most commonly associated with inducing seizures in the elderly population. The method for determining the risk of these agents includes evaluating the utilisation and the percentage of adverse events in previous studies and case reports. Classes of medications, such as anti-psy...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199507010-00005
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Age is a major source of variation in drug response. Social, medical and physiological heterogeneity intertwines to complicate geriatric pharmacotherapy. Inappropriate and excessive use of medication may be the most significant treatable health problem in the elderly. Older people are especially sensitive to antipsych...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199506040-00006
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is ample evidence for the involvement of aberrant protein phosphorylation reactions in aging and age-associated neurological disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) in particular. The exact nature of this involvement, however, is not yet elucidated. In the brain tissue of AD patients, there are numerous examples of ...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199506020-00006
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine is an effective antidepressant in elderly patients. Its efficacy is similar to that of other frequently used antidepressants, such as the tricyclic antidepressants. However, compared with the tricyclic antidepressants, fluoxetine has a m...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199506010-00006
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Etidronic acid is an orally and intravenously active bisphosphonate, which is believed to inhibit resorption of bone via a number of cellular mechanisms, including alteration of osteoclastic activity. In studies of patients with symptomatic Paget's disease, etidronic acid 5 to 20 mg/kg/day administered orally rapidly ...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199405060-00006
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Problems associated with aging will become one of the leading health dilemmas of the next century. Age-associated diseases, including those affecting the neuronal system, are increasing in frequency. Age-related deficiencies in the brain result in impaired motor functions, sleep, behaviour and cognitive functions. Goo...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199405050-00006
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyproterone (cyproterone acetate) is a steroidal antiandrogenic agent that inhibits the action of adrenal and testicular androgens on prostatic cells. Additionally, its progestogenic activity causes a centrally mediated reduction in testicular secretion of androgens. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cypr...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199405010-00006
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The elderly population is more likely to have urinary catheters used than younger populations. Most patients with short term indwelling catheters (those in place less than 30 days) will be residents of acute care institutions. The frequency of catheter-acquired bacteriuria is greater with longer durations of catheteri...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199404050-00003
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gout in older patients tends to be sub-acute to chronic, often tophaceous, polyarticular, erosive, symmetrical, and causes persistent, recurrent and chronic arthritis. Clinically, it may closely mimic rheumatoid arthritis; thus, a correct diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion and the identification of ...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199404020-00005
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of pneumonia is highest among the aged compared with other adult populations, and causes significant morbidity and mortality among this group. Most episodes of pneumonia are caused by aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lungs and failure of lung defence mechanisms to eliminate the aspirated bacter...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199404010-00003
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many quantities assayed in clinical laboratories demonstrate age-related changes. Particularly important periods are early life, adolescence, old age, and after the menopause in females. The changes that occur until adulthood are well documented. Fewer data are available on elderly people even though they consume a la...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199303030-00006
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aging is associated with a myriad of hormonal changes. The mechanisms underlying these changes are variable. Aging is associated with anatomic changes of the endocrine glands, notably as a result of programmed cell death, autoimmune mediated destruction of the gland, or neoplastic transformation of glandular tissue. A...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199303020-00004
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Felodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist which may be administered once daily in an extended release (ER) formulation. As monotherapy in older patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, felodipine ER once daily provides effective control of blood pressure (BP). The drug has also been effective, e...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199202050-00002
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although a significant proportion of patients receiving nitrates are elderly, surprisingly little published work is available describing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these agents in elderly patients. The lack of pharmacokinetic data is related to the difficulty in assaying nitrates and there are at pre...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199202010-00003
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Influenza vaccine is recommended for people aged 65 years and older and those in long term care. Currently only 30% of high risk persons are vaccinated. Vaccination generally stimulates an adequate immune response, is well tolerated and is to be enc...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199101060-00003
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::While hormonal therapy has been the usual and appropriate treatment of advanced or metastatic prostatic cancer for the past 50 years, the recent development of new therapeutic agents as medical alternatives to orchidectomy has drastically altered the options and perspectives in the treatment of this disease. Estrogens...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199101050-00003
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fluoroquinolones are antibiotics frequently used in infections that affect elderly individuals. The physiological aging process can profoundly affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs, necessitating adjustment of dosage regimens in the elderly. Changes in pharmacokinetics with age are mainly due to the progressive det...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199101040-00004
更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of both systolic and diastolic hypertension is increased in elderly patients, therefore antihypertensive drugs are commonly used in this population. In addition to changes in blood pressure, the aging process also causes numerous changes in other physiological parameters, resulting in altered pharmacokin...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199101030-00004
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's disease is a chronic progressive disease affecting higher intellectual functioning. The clinical diagnosis is made when the onset of illness is insidious, the course slowly progressive and all the treatable causes of dementia have been ruled out. The use of more stringent criteria has improved clinical dia...
journal_title:Drugs & aging
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00002512-199101020-00006
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00